Vaccinations - Petfinder
Vaccinations - Petfinder
Dr. Lila Miller, ASPCA
One of the biggest controversies in companion animal medicine today surrounds the use of vaccinations in companion animals. Vaccines were developed initially to protect animals against deadly contagious diseases. Many diseases that were fairly common such as canine distemper, canine parvo, and feline panleukopenia are seen much less frequently today as a result of the intense efforts by the veterinary profession to vaccinate against them. In the case of rabies, the effort to routinely vaccinate dogs that began in the 1950s also dramatically reduced the incidence of cases of human rabies in this country. In some cases, vaccinations have been wildly successful in decreasing, if not practically eliminating the incidence of some diseases.
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In small animal medicine, vaccines have traditionally been developed against diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi. In newer developments, vaccines have been developed against protozoans like Giardia as well. Now it seems that vaccines are developed almost routinely in response to diseases regardless of how common they are or whether or not they have a fatal outcome. In fact, vaccine use is so widespread that most veterinary practices send reminder cards to clients to schedule appointments for their pets based solely on their vaccination schedule. Although it was well known that vaccines do cause reactions or have side effects, until recently it was thought that they were fairly rare, minor and treatable when they occurred, and far outweighed by their benefits. It is now believed that reactions may be more common and serious, and because of this concern, the debate has heated up about the judicious and appropriate use of vaccination.
How do vaccines work?
Vaccination, or active immunization, refers to the production of an active immune response in the body. Vaccination works by stimulating the immune system with either a weakened (modified-live or attenuated) or killed form of the disease organism itself. Vaccines are thus classified as modified-live or killed. The weakened or killed disease organism is referred to as an antigen. The body's reaction to the introduction of the foreign antigen in the form of a vaccine injection is to mount a humoral (antibodies or immunoglobulins) or cell-mediated response. This is the defense system the body normally uses against disease. When the body encounters the real disease later on, it is already prepared to defend itself because of the prior exposure to the vaccine strain of disease. (It is important that the vaccine strain of disease closely match the actual disease strain.) If vaccination was successful in preparing the immune system, the range of response to infection can range from no clinical symptoms at all to mild disease.
Immune responses that are stimulated by modified-live vaccines occur faster and last longer than those from killed vaccines. The drawback is that modified-live vaccines have been known to cause disease in weakened, immune-compromised or otherwise debilitated animals. Killed vaccines are technically safer because they can't cause disease, but the response takes longer and doesn't last as long. Killed vaccines also require the use of adjuvants which are irritants designed to prolong and enhance the immune response. These adjuvants are under investigation for a possible association with serious vaccine reactions.
Vaccination works best in a healthy, unstressed animal. It takes about 7 days for the body to produce its response. Although most vaccines are given by injection, there are intranasal vaccines that are given as eye and nose drops. Because these vaccines are following the natural route of infection of respiratory diseases, the immune response may be produced much faster, within 72 hours, and last longer.
It is important to understand that vaccines do not make sick animals well, cure disease or prevent animals from becoming infected with the disease organism. They prevent serious illness only if the vaccine is given far enough ahead of the disease exposure for the animal's own immune system to produce a quick defense before too much damage is done. Concurrent vaccination with or after disease exposure, a problem commonly encountered in shelters, is likely to result in vaccination failure.
The current vaccination controversy
There are several questions being asked about the costs/risks/benefits of vaccinating companion animals and the safety of the vaccines. Should animals be vaccinated against diseases that respond readily to therapy or that are not very common if it places the animal at risk for serious side effects? The questions most commonly asked relate specifically to:
The number of vaccines in use
The number of vaccines available to veterinarians has skyrocketed in the last thirty years. The antigens have been combined into multivalent vaccines that allow one convenient injection to be given against several diseases, such as the common 5 in 1 DHLPP (distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, parvo) dog vaccine. Questions have been raised about the effectiveness of these vaccines as well as the need for all the various components. Some other canine vaccines include Corona, Lyme, Heartworm, Bordetella, Ringworm, and Giardia.The need to vaccinate against mild diseases that respond readily to treatment
The use of some of the vaccines has been questioned when diseases such as corona are not only low in incidence, but also fairly mild, usually require no treatment or are easy to treat when they do occur.The fact that some vaccines are limited in their effectiveness.
Some vaccines are limited in their effectiveness, such as the Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) vaccine for cats, and not recommended for general use.Vaccinations may interfere with later disease testing
Lyme Disease is difficult to diagnose in animals that have been vaccinated against the disease. It is also generally not as serious in dogs as it is in people. It responds readily to antibiotics in the early stages of the disease, yet treatment may be delayed because of the problems associated with diagnosis in vaccinated animals. Some veterinarians have questioned the need for a Lyme vaccine at all.The need for annual boosters.
In human medicine many vaccines confer long term, if not lifelong immunity. The search for explanations about the need for annual boosters in animals led many to the conclusion that the manufacturer's recommendations may have been arbitrary and not based on duration of immunity studies at all. No one seemed to know exactly how long an animal would still be considered protected after vaccination. The studies now being conducted to find out how long an immune response can last in a vaccinated animal have revealed that many of the common vaccines confer "immunity" for several years if properly administered. In some cases, the titer may be taken instead of giving a booster. A titer is a blood test that will reveal the level of antibodies found in the blood. This functions as a measure of the immune response, although some would argue that the only true test of immunity is to "challenge" the animal with the disease and see if the animal becomes ill.The safety of the vaccines .
The debate about the safety of vaccines became very heated when a possible link between cat vaccinations and a certain form of a deadly cancer known as fibrosarcoma was discovered. It was also suspected that autoimmune hemolytic anemia in some dogs might have one of its links to vaccinations. Intensified research into the production of safer vaccines began largely as a result of the concerns about these two serious problems. In the meantime, veterinary immunologists, epidemiologists, internists and research specialists are examining the way vaccinations are given and proposing new protocols.
Courtesy of
ASPCA
424 East 92nd St.
New York, NY 10128-6804
(212) 876-7700
www.aspca.org
Zenmed Rosacea Reviews Looking For Advice On Getting Rid Of Acne? Try These Tips! 69
Whether you are a teenager dealing with acne for the first time or an adult dealing with acne for the tenth time in your life, you no doubt have questions about how to live with it. This article will discuss some of the ways to cope, prevent and treat with acne.
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The best tip to avoid acne is to keep your face clean. Acne forms from oils that build up on the cause and skin irritations. If you clean your face once or twice a day you can wash away these oils and avoid acne and keep your face looking great.
Resist the temptation to pop your acne pimples. While it may seem like an easy way to get rid of the pimple, you can spread the bacteria to other areas of your face, causing even more breakouts. Also, by breaking the skin's surface in this way, you may develop scarring.
One of the most important ways to avoid getting acne is to keep your hands away from your face. The bacteria and oils on your fingers can actually damage your skin and cause pores to be clogged. Don't ever push on or irritate your face at all with your fingers.
To help reduce your acne, eat fewer dairy products and less red meat. These foods are difficult for the body to digest, and as a result limit the body's ability to dispose of waste products efficiently. Excess waste is then released through the skin, causing acne. A mild intolerance to dairy can also lead to acne.
Gentle cleansing is the key to fighting acne problems. Many treatments and products intended to combat acne infections, rely on relatively harsh abrasives and hard scrubbing. These things do nothing to help resolve an acne outbreak and can even worsen it. These harsh treatments damage skin and make the surrounding, healthy skin susceptible to the spread of acne.
If you have problems with acne in your T-zone, get the right products to help fight it. Gel based cleansers work well for oily areas. Also, find a good astringent to eliminate extra oils. Finding a targeted facial mask for the T-zone to use once a week will dry up oil problems. Pore strips and blotting strips will also help for a quick fix.
When you see that huge zit, most people are tempted to pop it. Instead, do not touch it at all! You release the white blood cells that had been attacking the bacteria on your face, by popping the zit. You will then get a mini scar on your face that will last a long time.
One thing you want to do to avoid acne breakouts is to avoid tanning booths. These cause an unnatural buildup of pigment in your skin and release chemicals on the surface of your skin. This causes more blockage of oils in your pores, which leads to further acne breakouts.
If you have deep, cystic acne, you may find that over-the-counter medications aren't very helpful. A dermatologist may prescribe Accutane for these kinds of cases. Accutane is a powerful medication that is taken as a pill, and generally is not prescribed lightly. Be sure to take it exactly as prescribed, and always report any side effects to your physician, if your doctor feels this is the right treatment for you.
A simple lemon slice can help you with your acne. Apply a slice of freshly cut lemon to your blemish. Leave on only for a few minutes. This is an easily natural, accessible and cost-effective treatment for acne. This treatment only takes a few minutes a day and can deter you from more drastic and expensive treatments.
In summary, there are many ways that you can clear up your acne and prevent future outbreaks without using possibly dangerous chemicals. We recommend that you use the methods listed here over a period of a few weeks. If you do not see results, then consult a dermatologist.
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Top Chiropractic Clinic Celebrates 10 Years by Giving Back to the...
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Dr. best acne products Broderson & Dr. Hogan of Malama Chiropractic Clinic
Kailua-Kona, HI (PRWEB) December 04, 2013
This November marks 10 years that Malama Chiropractic Clinic has been providing effective chiropractic treatments to the residents and visitors of Kailua-Kona, HI. Dr. Broderson and Dr. Hogan commemorated the anniversary by giving a percentage of their earnings to local charities that provide value and fulfill needs in the Kona community.
This anniversary is especially poignant for Dr. Jesse D. Broderson, who was born and raised on the big island of Hawaii. He has brought the latest in chiropractic technique to his hometown and has assisted his friends, family and neighbors in achieving pain relief and improved overall health.
As part of the 10th anniversary celebration, the team at Malama Chiropractic hosted a “Malama Gives Back” event. During the week of November 11-15, a portion of all proceeds were donated to local charities.
"We feel there is no greater joy than helping others and giving to those in need," said Dr. Broderson. During part of this anniversary week, clients were able to select a specific charity they would like to help benefit. Twenty percent of their office visit was directly donated to either:
- Hawaii Food Bank
- The Pregnancy Center
- Jonathon’s Foundation
- Family Support Services
- Other Charity of Choice
"We feel honored and blessed to be able to give back to the community that has supported us over the years," said Dr. Broderson.
The Malama Chiropractic team integrates the latest in chiropractic techniques with a compassionate and individualized approach to patient care. Along with chiropractic adjustments, the clinic also offers massage therapy, acupuncture, onsite x-ray services, nutritional counseling, physical therapy modalities and free health classes open to the public.
Dr. Broderson works alongside spinal rehabilitation specialist, Dr. Shannon. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/best-acne-treatment-facts---latest-breaking-news-231578181.html Hogan. Together the team focuses on the patient as a whole and provides a natural approach to healing and living a pain-free life.
It is with great pride that they celebrate this milestone in their practice and look forward to continued success with patients and giving back to their community.
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